Results: Both experimental measurements and simulations demonstrated significant negative correlation between radial SOS and cortical porosity (R ≥ 0.493, p 6.8 pmol L -1 )], cortical porosity was 17.2% higher than in vitamin D-sufficient men (P c33(Tr.Ps)=33.8GPa>c33(Tr.Fn)=31.9GPa), and cadaver age (R(2)=0.28-0.46, p<0.05). Additionally, the effect of cortical bone porosity and mechanical properties of the calcified matrix on SOS was investigated using numerical finite difference time domain simulations. Cortical porosities of the samples were determined using microcomputed tomography and related to SOS in the samples. Methods: The authors conducted 2.25 and 5.00 MHz focused PE ultrasound time of flight measurements on femoral diaphyses of 18 cadavers in vitro. Due to variation of cortical bone porosity, the use of a constant SOS value propagates to an unknown error in cortical thickness assessmentmore » by PE ultrasound. Currently, most PE measurements of cortical thickness, a well-known indicator of fracture risk, use a predefined estimate for SOS in bone to calculate thickness. The authors applied quantitative pulse-echo (PE) ultrasound techniques that hold much potential especially for screening of osteoporosis at primary healthcare facilities.
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S., E-mail: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous changes in cortical porosity, tissue mineral density, and elastic properties on radial speed of sound (SOS) in cortical bone. M., E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: Töyräs, J., E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: Jurvelin, J. PMID:24519558Įffect of porosity, tissue density, and mechanical properties on radial sound speed in human cortical boneĮneh, C. However, in women with osteopenia, cortical porosity was associated with forearm fractures. Conclusion In women with osteoporosis, porosity is captured by aBMD and so measuring UDR cortical porosity does not improve diagnostic sensitivity. By contrast, in women with osteopenia at the UDR, high porosity of the compact-appearing cortex conferred an OR for fracture of 4.00 (95%CI, 1.15–13.90). In women with osteoporosis at the UDR, cortical porosity did not distinguish those with, from those without, fractures because high porosity was present in 92% and 86% of each group respectively. Compact-appearing cortical porosity predicted fracture independent of aBMD odds ratio 1.92 (95%CI, 1.10–3.33). Results Women with forearm fractures had 0.4 standard deviations (SD) higher cortical porosity and 0.6 SD lower trabecular BV/TV. Methods We measured cortical porosity and trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) of the ultradistal radius (UDR) using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, aBMD using densitometry, and 10-year fracture probability using the country-specific FRAX tool in 68 postmenopausal women with forearm fractures and 70 age-matched community controls in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Thus, most women at risk for fracture assessed only by measuring areal bone mineral density (aBMD) will remain untreated. Khosla, Sundeep Seeman, Egoīackground Most fragility fractures arise among the many women with osteopenia, not the smaller number with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Amin, Shreyasee Bjørnerem, Ã…shild Melton, L. It's really frustrating to me that Jagex would make a fundamental change to a weapon that's remained constant for ~14 years.Cortical Porosity Identifies Women with Osteopenia at Increased Risk for Forearm Fracturesīala, Yohann Zebaze, Roger Ghasem-Zadeh, Ali Atkinson, Elizabeth J. The GM has been a staple of RS & PVP since 2005. I feel they did it like this because it wouldn't pass a poll, effectively forcing it on the community. but adding it as an integrity chang is almost disrespectful.
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I wouldn't have liked it if it was polled. This produces around a 1M GP difference in the use of the maul and it is lost once the player is sent back to Lumbridge. However, players can spend 10M BH points to purchase a special addition to the maul which re-enables the 50% attack feature.
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The maul will now utilize 60% special attack in PVP situations, effectively removing the double special attack feature. Well, Jagex announced on July 9th that they are rolling out a change to the granite maul. In short, Integrity Changes are forced without community feedback, Polled allows the community to decide, and To Be Discussed are changes in an initial discussion/idea phase. Integrity Changes, To Be Polled Changes, and To Be Discussed Changes. I know there are a lot of PKers on Sythe, so I'm wanting to hear everybody's thoughts in regards to Jagex's impending update.įor those that don't know, Jagex has three stages/types of updates: